California governor Gavin Newsom signed multiple gun-control bills into law Tuesday, including measures doubling taxes on firearm and ammunition purchases in the state and prohibiting concealed carry in public spaces.

The taxation law, which goes into effect in July 2024, will impose an eleven percent excise tax on the goods. The revenue raised will go toward “school safety and violence prevention programs, including initiatives to prevent school shootings, bolster firearm investigations, reduce retaliatory violence, and remove guns from domestic abusers,” the governor’s office wrote in a statement.

Multiple gun-rights advocacy organizations have already joined a Second Amendment challenge to the concealed-carry law, which they say flies in the face of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022). The 6-3 decision held that a New York state law that had been in effect since 1911 requiring that applicants for concealed-carry licenses demonstrate a need distinguishable from that of the general public was unconstitutional and that the ability to carry a handgun in public was a constitutional right guaranteed by the Second Amendment. The Court held that “there is no historical basis for New York to effectively declare the island of Manhattan a ‘sensitive place’ simply because it is crowded and protected generally by the New York City Police Department.”

The complaint, which has been signed by a raft of groups and individuals, alleges that the new California law draws a stark contrast with judicial precedent:

California’s atextual, ahistorical, novel “sensitive places” include every park and playground, every hospital, all public transportation, any place that sells alcohol (which, in California, includes most gas stations and convenience and grocery stores), all land under the control of the Department of Parks and Recreation or the Department of Fish and Wildlife (with exceptions for hunting), libraries, churches, banks, and many more. California’s SB 2 even transforms private businesses into “gun-free zones” by default, imposing an unprecedented affirmative duty on private business owners to post signage to authorize people exercising an enumerated constitutional right to enter the property.

In a statement Tuesday, Newsom touted his state’s record on gun control, saying “California’s gun death rate is 43 percent lower than the rest of the nation,” and that the new laws “will make our communities and families safer.” Whether these new measures — especially the bill all but eliminating concealed carry — will remain in place is up to the courts.