A federal judge in Rhode Island ordered the Trump administration on Monday to restore billions of dollars in frozen federal funds, accusing the White House of failing to comply with the court’s previous order.

U.S. District Court Judge John J. McConnell Jr. said the White House violated the “plain text” of his temporary restraining order by maintaining its funding pause. The order comes a day after Vice President JD Vance said “judges aren’t allowed to control the executive’s legitimate power,” signaling a potential battle between the executive and judicial branches.

“The broad categorical and sweeping freeze of federal funds is, as the Court found, likely unconstitutional and has caused and continues to cause irreparable harm to a vast portion of this country,” the judge wrote.

The order stems from a memo issued by the Office of Management and Budget that directed federal agencies to freeze the disbursement of federal grants while the administration assessed the spending to assure it aligns with President Donald Trump’s agenda. The memo drew legal challenges and widespread confusion.

“Each executive order will hold up in court because every action of the Trump-Vance administration is completely lawful,” a White House spokesman said, dismissing the judge’s orders. “Any legal challenge against it is nothing more than an attempt to undermine the will of the American people.”