Hottest, deadliest − we've often used superlatives like these to describe 2022. As we take stock of 2023, we're almost tempted to re-use these terms.

Heat records amid the climate crisis have multiplied, with 2023 already considered to be the hottest year in history. Earthquakes in Morocco, Turkey and Syria, floods in Libya, storms in the United States − extreme weather events are affecting the whole world.

One year and eight months after Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022, another simmering conflict was reignited. On October 7, 2023, Hamas carried out a deadly surprise military attack against Israel, leading to the Israeli army's invasion of Gaza. Civilians are dying on a massive scale, as in Sudan and Ukraine.

In France, one political crisis followed another: the pension reform, the death of teenager Nahel M., urban riots and, more recently, the immigration law.

Watch Le Monde's video recap of 2023, in six minutes.