Ten years ago in Paris, on January 7, 2015, an unprecedented attack on the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo opened a period of Islamist attacks that traumatized France. These attacks were seen as a huge failure by French intelligence services, which were unable to prevent them. In response, France strengthened its security arsenal in the fight against terrorism in the years that followed.

The first legal development took place on July 24, 2015, with the adoption of Law on Intelligence, which better defined the rules for wiretapping. This law also legalized the use by intelligence services of the controversial IMSI-catcher, an eavesdropping device which can be concealed in suitcases and is able to intercept the mobile communications of anyone within its range.

But this was just the first step. Next came several other counter-terrorism laws passed since the Charlie Hebdo attack in 2015. Le Monde explains more in our three-minute video.