The UK's Grenfell Tower fire disaster that killed 72 people was the result of "decades of failure" by government and construction industry bodies and the "systematic dishonesty" of building material firms, a damning final report said on Wednesday, September 4.
The fire in the early hours of June 14, 2017, spread rapidly through the 24-storey block in west London due to highly combustible cladding fixed to the exterior. Started in a faulty freezer on the 4th floor, the blaze took barely half an hour to climb to the building's top floor with catastrophic consequences.
The report marks the end of a two-part independent inquiry led by retired judge Martin Moore-Bick into Britain's worst residential fire since World War II. It makes scathing criticism of government and other influential bodies over a refurbishment of Grenfell that led to the cladding and other dangerous materials being installed.
In particular the report condemns firms involved in supplying rainscreen cladding panels and other insulation products. Accusing them of "systematic dishonesty," it said they "engaged in deliberate and sustained strategies to manipulate the testing processes, misrepresent test data and mislead the market."
The London Fire Brigade (LFB) also comes in for heavy criticism with senior officers described as "complacent." The service failed to ensure that the danger posed by the increasing use of cladding "was shared with the wider organisation and reflected in training," it said.
It also failed to learn the lessons of a previous fire in 2009, which "should have alerted the LFB to the shortcomings in its ability to fight fires in high-rise buildings."
Residents who phoned the emergency services were told to remain in their flats and await rescue for nearly two hours after the fire broke out. The "stay-put" advice, now considered to have cost lives, has since been revised. It led to some of the men, women and children who died, including whole family groups, becoming trapped in their own homes.
Abdulaziz El-Wahabi, 52, and his wife Faouzia, 41, died on the 21st floor with their three children, the youngest of whom, Mehdi, was eight years old. Mehdi's teacher recalled his ability to "make us laugh and smile" and "lighten our mood." Abdulaziz was described as a "loyal family man" who would always "help neighbours with their bags and open doors." Faouzia was "lively and friendly."
The tragedy's youngest victims were a still-born child and a six-month-old baby, Leena Belkadi, found with her mother in a stairwell between the 19th and 20th floors.
The disaster has left many people living in buildings covered in similar cladding permanently fearful of a repeat tragedy. Those who owned their own homes also faced financial problems as their apartments became unsaleable.
The UK's then Conservative government announced in 2022 that developers would be required to contribute more to the cost of the removal, with those in buildings over 11 metres high not having to pay at all. London fire commissioner Andy Roe said there were still around 1,300 buildings in London alone where urgent "remediation" work still needed to be done.
However, a fire in Dagenham, east London, just over a week ago illustrated the ongoing risks. Over 80 people had to be evacuated in the middle of the night after waking to smoke and flames in a block where work to remove "non-compliant" cladding was part-completed.
Bereaved Grenfell relatives and survivors said ahead of the report they hoped it would bring them what they say is the "truth we deserve." For some that means jail for those who "made decisions putting profit above people's safety."
London's Metropolitan Police, however, has said its investigators will need until the end of 2025 to finalise its own investigation. Prosecutors will then need a year to decide whether anyone will face charges.