Human Rights Watch (HRW), on Monday, December 16, accused the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) group and its allied militias, which are at war with the army, of committing widespread sexual violence in southern Sudan.

It is the latest such report by international monitors alleging acts of sexual violence during Sudan's 20-month war, which has led to what the United States has called the world's worst humanitarian crisis.

In its new report, HRW said it had documented dozens of cases since September 2023, involving women and girls, aged between seven and 50, who were subjected to sexual violence, including gang rape and sexual slavery, in South Kordofan state.

The latest details follow a separate report, published by the New York-based watchdog last week, which more broadly accused the RSF and allied Arab militias of carrying out numerous abuses, mainly against ethnic Nuba civilians, in South Kordofan state from December 2023 to March 2024. These attacks, it said, "had not been widely reported" and constituted "war crimes."

Members of a Christian minority group

Parts of South Kordofan and parts of Blue Nile state are controlled by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), a rebel group.

The SPLM-N faction, led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu, refused to join other Sudan rebels in signing a 2020 peace deal with the government, as Hilu had sought a secular state as a prerequisite. Many South Kordofan residents are members of Sudan's Christian minority.

At that time, Hilu also refused talks with RSF leader Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo, linking him with atrocities.

SPLM-N has clashed with both the army and the RSF in parts of South Kordofan since April 2023, when the war between the paramilitary group and the Sudanese Armed Forces began, HRW said.

The conflict has claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people, internally displaced more than eight million, according to the UN, and forced more than three million others to seek safety in neighboring countries.

'They kept raping me'

According to the HRW report, many of the victims were gang-raped at their or their neighbors' homes, often in front of families, while some were abducted and held in conditions of enslavement.

One survivor, a 35-year-old Nuba woman, described being gang-raped by six RSF fighters who had stormed her family compound, and killed her husband and son when they tried to intervene. "They kept raping me, all six of them," she said.

Another survivor, aged 18, recounted being taken in February, along with 17 others, to a base, where they were gathered together with 33 other detained women and girls.

"On a daily basis for three months, the fighters raped and beat the women and girls, including the 18-year-old survivor, crimes that also constitute sexual slavery," HRW said. At times, the captives were even chained together, it said.

"These acts of sexual violence, which constitute war crimes (...) underscore the urgent need for meaningful international action to protect civilians and deliver justice," HRW said in its report.

Corroborating reports

The UN's humanitarian chief Tom Fletcher raised the alarm late in November over an "epidemic of sexual violence" against women in Sudan, saying that the world "must do better."

In October, the United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan said both sides have committed abuses, including torture and sexual violence. However, it accused the paramilitaries, in particular, of "sexual violence on a large scale." These included "gang rapes and abducting and detaining victims in conditions that amount to sexual slavery," the mission said.

In its initial report last week, HRW urged the UN and African Union to "urgently deploy a mission to protect civilians in Sudan."