Many Americans continue to find homeownership financially out of reach due to rising house prices and stagnant wages, among other contributing factors. But which U.S. cities are the least affordable?

One way to assess housing affordability is through the home price-to-income ratio, which measures the ratio of the median home price to the median household income.

This map, via Visual Capitalist's Kayla Zhu, shows the home price-to-income ratio of 54 large cities (population over one million) in the U.S. using data from Construction Coverage’s analysis of Zillow and U.S. Census Bureau data.

Below, we show the home price-to-income ratio, median home price, and median household income, for 54 large cities in the United States of America.

RankCityStatePrice-to-incomeMedian home priceMedian household income1Los AngelesCA12.5$953,501$76,1352San JoseCA10.5$1,406,957$133,8353Long BeachCA10.3$825,502$80,4934San DiegoCA9.9$994,023$100,0105New YorkNY9.8$732,594$74,6946MiamiFL9.2$558,873$60,9897San FranciscoCA9$1,236,502$136,6928OaklandCA8.4$780,188$93,1469BostonMA8.3$718,233$86,33110SeattleWA7.3$847,419$115,40911PortlandOR6.5$524,870$81,11912DenverCO6.4$563,372$88,21313TucsonAZ6.4$327,123$51,28114WashingtonDC6$610,180$101,02715AustinTX6$533,719$89,41516NashvilleTN6$432,592$71,76717AuroraCO5.9$483,228$81,39518SacramentoCA5.9$472,412$80,25419Las VegasNV5.9$407,969$68,90520RaleighNC5.8$434,407$75,42421FresnoCA5.8$370,798$64,19622Colorado SpringsCO5.7$449,123$78,56823PhoenixAZ5.6$422,001$75,96924MesaAZ5.5$434,369$79,49625CharlotteNC5.3$391,750$74,40126BakersfieldCA5.3$380,862$72,01727TampaFL5.3$375,241$71,08928AlbuquerqueNM5$321,411$64,75729Virginia BeachVA4.7$391,244$83,24530AtlantaGA4.7$390,373$83,25131DallasTX4.7$307,990$65,40032New OrleansLA4.6$241,369$52,32233ArlingtonTX4.5$315,222$70,43334HoustonTX4.4$264,626$60,42635San AntonioTX4.3$253,762$58,82936MinneapolisMN4.2$312,872$74,47337Fort WorthTX4.2$302,359$71,52738JacksonvilleFL4.2$294,450$69,30939El PasoTX4.1$216,673$52,64540ChicagoIL4$284,818$70,38641OmahaNE4$272,286$67,45042ColumbusOH3.9$238,286$61,72743MilwaukeeWI3.9$191,149$49,27044PhiladelphiaPA3.8$215,593$56,51745LouisvilleKY3.7$233,464$63,04946Kansas CityMO3.7$230,526$62,17547IndianapolisIN3.6$218,591$61,50148TulsaOK3.6$194,784$54,04049BaltimoreMD3.2$177,786$55,19850Oklahoma CityOK3.1$198,826$63,71351WichitaKS3.1$186,528$59,27752MemphisTN2.9$144,347$50,62253ClevelandOH2.7$100,734$37,35154DetroitMI1.9$68,379$36,453

Cities on the West Coast, particularly in California, face the most significant housing affordability challenges.

The top four cities with the highest ratios are all in California, while other major West Coast cities like San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland rank among the top 15.

The top five cities, including New York City, have a home price-to-income ratio more than double the national average of 4.7, making them highly unaffordable.

While median household income in cities like San Francisco, San Jose, and Seattle are among the highest in the country, they also have some of the most expensive house prices in the country.

The Midwest and parts of the South have much lower ratios, including Detroit (1.9), Cleveland (2.1), and Memphis (3.1). Midwest cities consistently rank among the most affordable for housing and cost of living.

To learn more about the U.S. housing market, graphic that 10 fastest-growing housing markets in the U.S., based on their housing stock growth between 2013 and 2022.