Republican-led states are advancing unprecedented restrictions on diversity, equity and inclusion programs at public colleges, bolstered by President Trump’s recent executive actions threatening to withhold federal funding from noncompliant institutions.

While previous state measures focused primarily on eliminating DEI offices and positions, new proposals in West Virginia, Iowa, Indiana, Texas and Ohio seek to restrict what faculty and staff can teach about racial inequality and gender identity. Ohio’s Senate recently passed legislation to eliminate programs, training and scholarships using DEI “in any manner,” while Indiana’s Senate approved a bill allowing fines up to $250,000 for institutions that don’t comply with DEI restrictions.

The federal push intensified after Trump’s Inauguration Day executive order directing agencies to eliminate DEI programs “under whatever name they appear.” The Department of Education followed with a letter giving colleges 14 days to cease using “racial preferences and stereotypes” or risk losing federal funding.

Legal experts suggest these newer, more expansive measures face significant constitutional challenges, particularly regarding academic freedom and First Amendment rights. The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression argues that while states may have authority over institutional programs, limiting classroom discussions and faculty expression could violate constitutional protections.

The debate reflects broader tensions following the Supreme Court’s 2023 rejection of race-based college admissions. Critics argue the restrictions will harm historically disadvantaged students and impede education about diversity in an increasingly multicultural society. Supporters, including conservative think tanks and scholars, contend the measures are necessary to combat “administrative bloat” and promote merit-based education.

Read more: GOP-led states eye stricter DEI bans at public colleges as Trump threatens funding

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