JD Vance has insisted that he was not referring to the UK or France when he disparaged the idea of “some random country that hasn’t fought a war in 30 or 40 years” offering troops to Ukraine to serve as peacekeepers earlier this week.

The US vice president’s response to 24 hours of outrage over his initial remarks raises the question: which countries was he referring to?

Here, we examine the other nations that might form part of the “coalition of the willing” Sir Keir Starmer suggested would enforce any peace deal for Ukraine – and what they would have to offer.