Caroline Ellison, the former CEO of FTX-affiliated hedge fund Alameda Research, testified on Oct. 11 that Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of both Alameda and FTX, told her to commit financial fraud.

At the start of her testimony, Ms. Ellison confirmed that she had committed the crimes of fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud, and money laundering, to which she pled guilty in December 2022. As part of her plea deal, she appeared as a witness for the prosecution in Mr. Bankman-Fried's trial, which started last week.

Referring to Mr. Bankman-Fried, she testified: "He directed me to commit these crimes.”

Mr. Bankman-Fried is facing seven counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, conspiracy, and money laundering. If found guilty, he could face decades in prison.

Ms. Ellison also told jurors that Alameda Research had lent money to Mr. Bankman-Fried and other FTX executives, which they used to make political donations. As Alameda’s CEO, Ms. Ellison was paid more than $20 million in salary and bonus in 2021, and during much of her tenure, she was also engaged in a romantic relationship with Mr. Bankman-Fried, she said.

Ms. Ellison said that she dated Mr. Bankman-Fried while running Alameda Research.

Mr. Bankman-Fried founded Alameda Research as a cryptocurrency trading company in 2017 and founded the cryptocurrency trading exchange FTX in 2019, together with Mr. Wang. FTX quickly rose to become one of the largest and most trusted platforms for cryptocurrency trading, with more than 1 million users at its peak.

A Billionaire and Philanthropist

Before FTX collapsed in 2022, Mr. Bankman-Fried’s net worth was estimated to be more than $16 billion, although some estimates put it as high as $26 billion. He was lauded in the media as a selfless philanthropist who sought to generate wealth in order to give it away to causes ranging from global warming to fighting pandemics.

FTX received high-profile endorsements from Hollywood celebrities and sports stars, and FTX executives lived lavishly, residing in a $40 million seaside penthouse in a gated condominium complex outside of Nassau, near FTX’s offices in the Bahamas.

Mr. Bankman-Fried became a political influencer, reportedly donating $5.2 million to President Joe Biden’s election campaign in 2020, making him one of Mr. Biden’s largest donors. He reportedly gave more than $70 million to election campaigns and another $40 million to politicians and political action committees during the 2022 midterm elections.

Most of the money went to Democrats and liberal-leaning groups, making him the second-largest donor to the Democratic Party and left-leaning causes after George Soros. He reportedly also donated far lesser amounts to Republicans, though he preferred to keep those donations quiet, fearing public criticism for supporting conservatives.

Upon the collapse of FTX in November 2022, investigators estimated that approximately $9 billion in customer funds had gone missing.

Ms. Ellison’s testimony was consistent with last week’s testimony from FTX co-founder and former chief technology officer Gary Wang, who stated that starting in 2019, he had coded the FTX accounts of Alameda Research to allow Alameda to run a negative balance, effectively borrowing money from the exchange. Ultimately, this resulted in FTX taking more than $10 billion from FTX customers, who Mr. Wang said were unaware that their money was being siphoned off to pay for debts and trading losses at Alameda Research.

Mr. Bankman-Fried’s attorneys have argued that Alameda was given the ability to run negative balances on its FTX accounts because of its role as a market-maker for the exchange, essentially an intermediary between buyers and sellers to provide liquidity for customers who were trading cryptocurrencies. However, the limits on Alameda withdrawals from FTX were increased from initial limits of $1 billion to $65 billion shortly before FTX’s collapse in 2022.

FTX reportedly ran up a debt of more than $10 billion to FTX when the exchange was generating $1.5 billion in revenue, suggesting that much of the difference came from customer accounts. In the spring of 2022, as crypto markets reversed their long advance and the value of virtual currencies began to collapse, a number of firms that had lent money to Alameda Research demanded repayment.

According to both Mr. Wang and Ms. Ellison, Mr. Bankman-Fried told Ms. Ellison to repay creditors, with FTX customers’ money being the only source of funds available to her at the time.

Mr. Bankman-Fried has stated in media interviews that he was not aware of fraudulent activity at FTX or Alameda, that he did not intentionally defraud investors, and that the collapse of his companies was the result of mismanagement by inexperienced executives. However, the testimony of both Mr. Wang and Ms. Ellison directly contradicts that defense.

Ms. Ellison pled guilty to charges of securities fraud brought by the U.S. Justice Department (DOJ), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), including a charge that she had illegally manipulated the price of FTT, the cryptocurrency created by FTX, and that she misrepresented the financial accounts of Alameda Research to investors to hide the extent of its indebtedness.

Mr. Wang also pled guilty to charges of securities fraud.

Bankruptcy attorney John Ray III, who currently heads what remains of the FTX companies, has brought a civil lawsuit of more than $1 billion against Mr. Bankman-Fried, Ms. Ellison, Mr. Wang, and other former executives to recoup money that he claims they took illicitly from the firm.