Protesters staging hunger strikes against tourism developments. Local officials threatening to cut off water to illegal vacation rentals. Residents spraying tourists with water pistols.

With Labor Day, the unofficial end of summer, upon us, European hot spots like Barcelona, Athens and the Greek island of Santorini have reached a breaking point, making tourists the targets of a major backlash. While final visitor numbers for this summer aren’t in, they are expected to surpass 2019 levels; in the second quarter alone, international arrivals exceeded 2019 by six percent, according to the European Travel Commission.

Climate change has also put tremendous pressure on popular destinations. July was the planet’s 14th consecutive month of record heat, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Spain and Greece experienced some of their hottest days on record, with temperatures over 114 degrees Fahrenheit.

While tourism is a critical economic driver for many European destinations, some residents argue that more tourism revenue needs to be invested in communities and infrastructure.

“We have been invaded by tourists; the situation is out of control,” said Camila Guzman, 32, a resident of Palma, on the Spanish island of Majorca. Ms. Guzman participated in the July protests that drew more than 50,000 people. Prices have been pushed up so much, she said, that “we cannot afford to live here anymore.”

Elsewhere, locals have rallied against disrespectful tourist behavior and new hotel and villa construction. Some places are imposing visitor caps. For example, Île-de-Bréhat, a French island off the coast of Brittany with just 400 residents, recently imposed a limit of 4,700 visitors per day.