A federal judge in Florida on Wednesday denied a request by the Trump administration to release grand jury transcripts from an investigation into the disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein, stymying efforts by President Trump to blunt criticism from many of his supporters.

The denial came after the government last week asked the court to unseal those documents and to transfer the case to New York, where Mr. Epstein was indicted after a grand jury investigation in 2019. In its request, the Justice Department cited “special circumstances” that arose from “historical interest by the public,” asking the court to unseal transcripts from two grand juries convened in 2005 and 2007.

The decision is all but certain to frustrate the Trump administration’s frantic bid to show that no secrets remain from the government’s investigations into Mr. Epstein in Florida.

For weeks, the administration has sought to quell right-wing supporters who are demanding the release of more material related to Mr. Epstein, a convicted sex offender who hanged himself in a Manhattan jail cell in 2019.

Mr. Trump and his subordinates, including Attorney General Pam Bondi, have come under enormous pressure to release further details about Mr. Epstein. Ms. Bondi had promised to do so but reversed course after a joint memo issued by the F.B.I. and the Justice Department on July 6 indicated that no more disclosures about Mr. Epstein’s conviction would be forthcoming.

The memo concluded that after an exhaustive review of evidence in the cases against Mr. Epstein, the government had uncovered no new evidence “that could predicate an investigation into uncharged third parties.”