President-elect Donald J. Trump’s emerging team in the Middle East appears poised to push U.S. foreign policy into even tighter accord with Israel’s far-right government, challenging the marriage of convenience Mr. Trump struck with Muslim voters and potentially straining relations between Israeli and American Jews to a breaking point.

The choice of Senator Marco Rubio of Florida as secretary of state, Representative Elise Stefanik of New York as ambassador to the United Nations, former Gov. Mike Huckabee of Arkansas as ambassador to Israel and Steven C. Witkoff, a real estate developer and golfing buddy of Mr. Trump’s, as special envoy to the Middle East has delighted the president-elect’s most hawkishly pro-Israel backers.

Matt Brooks, the longtime chief executive of the Republican Jewish Coalition, called the nominees “a true dream team for those who care about a strong, vibrant, unshakable U.S.-Israel relationship.”

But Mr. Trump’s foreign policy picks have dismayed liberal Jews and Arab Americans alike, including Arab and Muslim voters who sided with Mr. Trump as a rebuke to the Biden administration’s support of Israel in its war in Gaza. Some Muslim supporters, such as Rabiul Chowdhury, a founder of Muslims for Trump, said they had been led to believe that the man leading the outreach to them, Richard Grenell, Mr. Trump’s former ambassador to Germany and onetime acting intelligence chief, would be made secretary of state.

Samraa Luqman, an environmental justice activist in Dearborn, Mich., and a co-chair of the Abandon Harris campaign among Arab American voters, said she still believed “anything is better” than the Biden administration officials who “led us into a downward spiral in the last year or so.” But she conceded, “I’m not thrilled about the appointments of war hawks and neo-cons, and have been very vocal about my support for Ambassador Richard Grenell to become the next secretary of state.”

Mr. Grenell did not respond to a request for comment.

Layla Elabed, a founder of Uncommitted, a Palestinian-rights group that initially broke with Democrats and then just weeks before Election Day declared that another Trump presidency would be worse than a Kamala Harris one, said she was not surprised by what she likened to a bait-and-switch.