A spending plan approved by Israel’s Parliament hands Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu a big political victory and devotes a significant chunk to military spending, signaling that Israel expects to stay on a war footing for the longer term.

The $206 billion budget was approved on Tuesday with broad enough support — 66 votes to 52 — to shore up Mr. Netanyahu’s power after more than a year of public backlash over Israeli hostages, sharp political opposition and legal challenges.

The passing of the budget has profound political as well as financial implications. Had it failed to pass by the end of the month, Parliament would have been automatically disbanded. That would have set off elections, some 18 months early, that Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition of right-wing parties might have lost, according to most recent polls.

Now, Mr. Netanyahu has much greater leeway to set his government’s priorities, both at home and in Gaza, because it will be harder for any single disgruntled party in his coalition to threaten its downfall.

“That could mean doubling down on extreme right-wing populism and the war in Gaza, or it could mean figuring out an exit strategy and attempting a dash to a Saudi normalization deal,” said Michael Koplow, an analyst at Israel Policy Forum, a New York-based research group. “But whichever path it is will reflect Netanyahu’s own calculations rather than what he is being pushed into by his coalition partners.”

The vote drew sharp protests from demonstrators, who blocked roads to the Parliament, holding signs to demand that Mr. Netanyahu move more quickly in negotiations to free several dozen hostages who have been held in the Gaza Strip for nearly 18 months. Talks to resume a cease-fire with Hamas appear stalled, and a recent government decision to return to war is raising fears among Israelis for the hostages who have not been released.