A key congressional committee on Monday released a note and sexually suggestive drawing containing what appeared to be Donald J. Trump’s signature that was included in a book for the disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein’s 50th birthday in 2003 — a drawing that Mr. Trump has insisted he did not create.

The drawing — a figure of a naked woman with “Donald” written below her waist — was part of a batch of documents turned over by Mr. Epstein’s estate to the House Oversight Committee, which had subpoenaed them. The panel published most of the documents, including a redacted copy of the birthday book, on Monday evening.

The sketch, in thick black ink, outlines text that quotes an imagined conversation between Mr. Trump and Mr. Epstein, with what appears to be Mr. Trump’s first name scrawled in his distinctive handwriting.

The release of the drawing and the birthday book only intensified a furor that the president has been toiling to stamp out over his administration’s handling of the Epstein files, and its decision not to fully release them, an issue that has divided Republicans and alienated many of Mr. Trump’s right-wing supporters.

In the face of an effort to force a House vote that would compel the release of the Epstein files, Republican leaders have been arguing that the Oversight Committee’s investigation would provide greater transparency into the case of Mr. Epstein, a convicted sex offender who died in prison in 2019 while awaiting trial on federal sex trafficking charges, in what was later ruled a suicide.

Democrats quickly seized on the drawing to renew their calls for the Trump administration to divulge all of its files related to its investigation of Mr. Epstein.