Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu of France resigned on Monday less than 24 hours after forming his cabinet, a move that caught the nation by surprise and made his government one of the shortest-lived in modern French history.

The resignation of Mr. Lecornu, which was confirmed by a statement from the French presidency, came amid turmoil over the composition of his cabinet, an uneasy coalition of centrists and conservatives.

It also came amid growing concern that Mr. Lecornu, who was appointed less than a month ago, would not be able to get a budget passed by the end of the year.

The resignation will most likely ratchet up the pressure from opposition parties who want President Emmanuel Macron to call snap parliamentary elections.

In its statement, the French presidency said that Mr. Macron had accepted Mr. Lecornu’s resignation.

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