A federal jury on Wednesday found a Texas couple who owns a bakery on the Texas-Mexico border guilty of harboring undocumented workers, months after their beloved shop became snared in President Trump’s aggressive immigration crackdown.

Federal authorities had accused the couple, Leonardo Baez, a father of seven, and his wife, Nora Alicia Avila, both immigrants from Mexico and green card holders, of knowingly employing and giving shelter to undocumented workers. The case was one of the first brought against business owners as Immigration and Customs Enforcement was ramping up arrests of undocumented workers.

On Wednesday, a jury in the border city of Brownsville, Texas, sided with the federal government after a three-day trial that pitted two pillars of the community in Los Fresno, a small border town, against the Trump administration and its immigration policies. In addition to the harboring charge, the couple was found guilty of conspiring to transport undocumented immigrants.

Sentencing was set for November. The two face up to 10 years in prison and the loss of their legal status.

Their “actions not only violate federal immigration laws but also exploit vulnerable individuals for profit,” said Craig Larrabee, the special agent in charge with Homeland Security Investigations in San Antonio, in a statement. “This conviction sends a clear message: those who engage in human smuggling and harboring for financial benefit will be investigated, prosecuted and held accountable.”

Sylvia Gonzalez-Gorman, a political scientist and immigration expert at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, worried about the precedent for what she called a selective prosecution.

“What is unsettling is that this case went to trial in the first place,” she said. “Historically, large corporations found employing undocumented immigrants have had fines levied against them, not potential incarceration.”

On Feb. 12, just as Mr. Trump’s second term was getting started, a team from Homeland Security Investigations conducted what it described as a work-site enforcement action at Abby’s Bakery, which is next to a busy road near Brownsville. Agents detained workers they said were in the country illegally and charged the couple with “conspiring to transport and harbor undocumented migrants,” according to a criminal complaint.

To some immigrants in Los Fresnos, both legal and illegal, the raid shattered a sense of safety in the Latino-majority community of 8,500. It also divided families. More than 52 percent of Los Fresnos’s once-solidly Democratic Cameron County voted for Mr. Trump in November, reflecting a nationwide trend that saw working-class Latinos bolting to the right.

According to the prosecutor’s court filings, Mr. Baez and Ms. Avila, who have owned the bakery for nearly 15 years, “admitted they knew the aliens were unlawfully present in the United States in violation of the law, and they harbored aliens in their personally owned property.”

Videos posted on Facebook showed armed officers escorting handcuffed workers out of the property. The woman who recorded the video can be heard saying: “They took all of the workers here, Abby’s. Look how they take them.”

Prosecutors also showed photos of a small room in the shopping plaza that includes the bakery arrayed with six mattresses on the floor, where they said employees unauthorized to work in the country had slept.

Investigators found eight undocumented workers who court documents painted as knowingly hired and sheltered by the couple.

A week after the raid, the couple reopened the bakery doors with about seven legal workers, including family members. Ms. Avila operates an adjoining restaurant that opened last year.

In an interview with the Times, the Baez family maintained that they were hardworking immigrants who had sacrificed to grasp the American dream. Mr. Baez learned to make bread from a mentor, and had started out selling it on the streets of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, a Mexican state bordering Texas.

He met and married his wife there, when she was 18 and he was 28. Soon after, the couple moved in with his mother-in-law in a small brick home with a metal roof and an outhouse, in Los Fresnos. He began making his own bread and selling it on the streets from the back of a truck, with his children.

Slowly, their fortunes rose. The Baezes bought a home built of wood, with a working bathroom. In 2011, Mr. Baez borrowed money from members of his church to rent his shop and purchase basic bread-making equipment.

The Baezes now own the entire shopping center that includes the bakery.

“From the moment we opened, the customers never stopped coming,” Mr. Baez recalled in an interview. “God has blessed us that way.”

A prison term could jeopardize all that.