President Trump spent the weekend decrying a court decision that invalidated his most punishing global tariffs, and suggested he would soon take his fight to tax imports to the Supreme Court.

Mr. Trump and his top aides directed their ire toward a panel of appellate judges for its decision, issued late Friday, which found that the president had overstepped his authority by using a 1970s law to slap tariffs on nearly every major U.S. trading partner.

Mr. Trump has maintained that any erosion in his ability to impose levies using the International Emergency Economic Powers Act will inflict damage on the United States by robbing it of both revenue and leverage.

“Without Tariffs, and all of the TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS we have already taken in, our Country would be completely destroyed, and our military power would be instantly obliterated,” Mr. Trump wrote in a social media post on Sunday.

While the federal appeals court on Friday ruled against the administration, it left Mr. Trump’s sweeping tariffs in place until Oct. 14, allowing the White House time to appeal the case to the Supreme Court.

It is unclear how fast the administration might do so. It also remains unknown whether the Supreme Court would agree to hear the appeal and, if it did, how it might decide the case.